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Marxism and Morality (Marxist Introductions), by Steven Lukes
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It is reported that the moment anyone talked to Marx about morality, he would roar with laughter. Yet, plainly, he was fired by outrage and a burning desire for a better world. This paradox is the starting point for Marxism and Morality. Discussing the positions taken by Marx, Engels, and their descendents in relation to certain moral issues, Steven Lukes addresses the questions on which Marxist thinkers and actors have taken a number of characteristic stands as well as other questions--personal relations and the moral virtues of the individual, for example--on which Marxism falls silent. A provocative exploration of the gray area where Marxism and morality meet, this book argues that Marxism makes a number of major moral claims and that its appeal has always been, in large part, a moral one.
- Sales Rank: #3219396 in Books
- Published on: 1985-08-01
- Ingredients: Example Ingredients
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.75" h x .75" w x 5.69" l,
- Binding: Hardcover
- 208 pages
Most helpful customer reviews
8 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
The moral blindness of Marxism
By M. A. Krul
Steven Lukes, somewhat well-known popular philosophical author and also editor of the series "Marxist introductions", addresses perhaps one of the most difficult issues in the Marxist tradition: the problem of Marxism and ethics.
According to Lukes, the book is intended as "a contribution to socialist free-thinking", and in this case the contribution consists of making clear what the problem of moral blindness in Marxism is, what effect it has had on the various people who have discussed issues of morality within Marxism, and how Marxism cannot avoid a better elucidation of these issues if it is to be at all convincing. Lukes is very critical but in my view deservedly so - even the most superficial glance at the history of socialist politics will make clear the degree to which the problem of ethics in politics is in particular need of urgent resolution.
Lukes uses mostly the texts of Marx and Engels themselves, in all their contradictions, to posit what he calls the paradox of morality in Marxism: namely that on the one hand the goal of socialism is to be a supremely ethical one, based on the perfectionist and optimist conception of liberty inherent in Marxism, and that on the other hand every ethical theory and issue is downplayed or ridiculed by Marx and Engels as "so many bourgeois prejudices, behind which lurk in ambush so many bourgeois interests". Neither Marx nor Engels were at all consistent in their views on ethics, as Lukes shows, and even the question whether their condemnation of capitalism is or is not one with an ethical component is insoluble due to the contradictions in their texts.
The middle part of the book is really a sideline, in which Lukes establishes exactly what this conception of liberty is in Marxism, to show the aim of the movement to have the aforementioned high ethical level. He does this quite well, emphasising the way in which morality provides a problem even here, because it is never clear how the collectivist view of society and the Aristotelian view of human development are to be reconciled in actual policy in the future, leading most Marxists to shelve questions about the future society altogether as premature and utopian. This in turn causes many people to wonder why the sacrifices they are expected to make in the here and now for this future society are worth it, and how they know that they are worth it.
The meat of the problem in modern Marxism, as real political movement, is discussed by Lukes by way of assessing the various views of fellow travellers and former fellow travellers on the horrors of Stalinism. The major problem of Marxism is shown to be that of the means-ends relation, and how and when 'revolutionary violence' and similar things can be justified. Brecht, Merleau-Ponty, Sartre, Koestler, Trotsky and Luk�cs all provide different perspectives on this problem, most of them even changing their own views (usually towards a more liberal position) during their lives. This discussion is very interesting and serves excellently to show the possible conclusions about the means-ends relation that a Marxist could draw from the tradition, as well as how different these conclusions can be without any one of them being prima facie more based in the 'canon' than another. Clearly Marxism misses still a good tradition in normative ethics, which (and I say this as someone thorougly skeptical in ethical issues) is clearly a major gap in any major political movement.
Marx wrote that "mankind always sets itself only such tasks as it can solve". But as Lukes shows, this task has not at all been solved yet, despite the whole Leninist experience worldwide showing that the task has certainly been set. Who will solve this for us?
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Review
By CB
Steven Lukes offers us a pretty interesting read into Marxism and Morality. The book opens with a rather skeptical attitude toward the subject, and ends with a skeptical attitude toward Marxism post October Revolution, and a positive note regarding Marx's philosophy.
Anyone that has read a lot of Marx knows that clarifying a morality out of Marx's work is nearly impossible. And if not impossible, bordering on the contradictory. In some passages it's painfully clear that Marx believes the bourgeoisie are conducting a practice that is nefarious, and if not them, then society has organized itself around a heinous mode of production. But in other passages he talks about their being no such thing as moral ideals, and that appealing to morality in the class conflict, or struggle for socialism, is futile. Moreover, sometimes Marx will talk about justice being completely socially embedded, and not timeless. But then he'll say thing that imply an injustice has occurred (e.g. the capitalist steals value from the worker).
These seeming confusions have led numerous scholars all kinds of tortuous conclusions, some seemingly better than others, about what Marx really meant, or what we as socialist ought to mean.
Lukes navigates the reader through all these debates, from judgement, to emancipation (from alienation and capitalist exploitation), to means and ends. Along the way there are ethical philosophies put forward by Rosa Luxembburg, Karl Kautsky, my main man Lukacs, Trotsky, Sartre, and Merleau Ponty.
The author concludes stating that Marxism is right to reject grand ethical ideals, but simultaneously it needs to be less ambiguous and condescending of morals, to avoid the crimes committed in its name.
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